A.
Introduction
FIP stands for Filsafat Ilmu Pengetahuan or
Philosophy of Science (in English). It is one of subjects must be taken by
English Language Education Study Program (ELESP)’ students. It is an important
subject since ELESP’students are supposed to be the next teacher who should know
and teach knowledge scientifically. According to Cambridge Advance’s
Dictionary, science means the systematic study of the structure and behaviour
of the physical world, especially by watching, measuring and doing experiments,
and the development of theories to describe the results of these activities.
While philosophy means the use of reason in understanding such things as the
nature of reality and existence, the use and limits of knowledge and the
principles that govern and influence moral judgment. Moreover, Philosophy of
Science means the process of
assessing human knowledge.
In assessing human knowledge, there are
two limitations: material object and formal object. Material object is the
object of assessment which exists. Formal object is the method used in
assessing the material object.
Philosophy of science itself is a basic of science and it is based on
human’s critical thinking and common sense.
Case :
Dunia perdukunan masih eksis, meski
kehidupan telah memasuki masa modern. Praktek santet, pelet, guna-guna, tenung,
pengasihan, pesugihan dan sejumlah istilah mistis lainnya, masih diyakini
kekuatannya.
Lahan subur bagi sang dukun untuk
meraup keuntungan besar dari praktek-praktek yang ditawarkan. Satu pasien,
bahkan berani membayar hingga miliaran rupiah. Para dukun pun hidup mewah
dengan pundi-pundi kekayaan melimpah.
Sejumlah nama dukun atau paranormal
menjadi tenar, bahkan langanan tampil di media masa. Mereka terkenal sebagai
'dukun selebritis' yang terus eksis, seeksis dunia perdukunan itu sendiri.
Berikut para dukun selebritis yang
membuka praktik ilmu santet dan pelet. Sebagian pasien, mereka adalah para
publik figur atau artis yang sedang dirundung persoalan. (kpl/dar)
The goal of learning philosophy of science is to
help people in living at society and to get better life. Unconsciously, science
and myth are developing the society. The aim of this paper is to discuss a case
based on Philosophy of Science’s theories.
B.
Discussion
According to Kamus Besar Bahasa
Indonesia, dukun (shaman) means people who treat, give magical words
(jampi-jampi) to somebody else. While perdukunan means process or way with
shamanism. There are many kinds of shaman in this world, such as dukun beranak,
dukun klenik, etc. Outside Indonesia, they usually call it as voodoo.
Eventhough modernity grows up very fast in our society, shaman still exist among
people and some of them depend on shamanism.
Here are some
characteristics of shamanism (perdukunan)
1.
Asking for
personal information, such as father’s or mother’s name
2.
Asking for
the date of birth and ‘pasaran’ (Javanese’s days)
3.
Asking for
one of costumer’s thing (picture, handkerchief, clothes, etc) as the requirements for shaman
4.
(sometimes) Asking
for certain animals, such as ‘ayam cemani, burung pelatuk bawang’, etc or other
things, such as ‘bunga kantil, ponibalsawa oil, daun sirih, tanah dari rumah
penderita, tanah kuburan, air sumur kramat, etc.’
5.
Giving
talisman (an object believed to bring good luck or to keep its owner safe from
harm) word and drawing a square which is have alphabets and numbers inside it.
After that giving other talisman like a cut of wood, clothes, etc.
6.
Reading magic
formula which is difficult to understand, quoting for Al’quran which is
separated.
Several people in certain area still
believe this way to help them in their problem (finance, love, career, etc).
They usually live in back country which still stand in their culture from
ancestor strongly. Their knowledge comes from the myth. Myth is a traditional
story which explaining a natural/social phenomena and typically involving
supranatural being/events. For example Javanese believe
that eclipse means there is a ‘buto’, Betara Kala, who wants eat the
moon. Then, they will hit ‘kentongan’ many times to prevent ‘the
buto’ eats the moon. There is no
explanation for this myth scientifically. The use of certain animals as the
requirements of shaman also don’t have any relation towards their problems. But
for shaman and the believers, they believe that those requirements can help
them. This perception doesn’t have common sense to be proven. Common sense is
everything which makes sense. Aristotle stated that “Kemampuan
yang ada di dalam diri manusia yang berupa kemampuan utama untuk memutuskan
suatu pengetahuan tentang realitas konkrit yang sifatnya dapat diinderai oleh
banyak orang (common sensible).” On
the other side, not all people can believe shaman. Because one of common
sense’s characteristics is accepted by people around
the world or majority of universal,
shaman cannot be included to common sense.
However, some domains in Indonesia
still have strong believe towards shamanism. All people deserve to choose their
believe, even sometimes some people cannot accept it rationally. Moreover,
based on the case, shaman got the income from famous public figure or artists
which is known as modern people. They don’t have enough common sense to think
so that they fall into this world. Shaman will get profit as many as they want.
Do they really get the solving problem? Actually, the one that can help to
solve their problem is the mind set or paradigm. For example, A believes that A
can recover after A see doctor B, whereas A is closer to doctor C. This is A’s
mind set that A can be recovered by B. By thinking of it, A can be recover by
his thinking. Same with the case, if people think can solve their problem by
shamanism, they also think that the only one can help is shaman.
C.
Conclusion
As educated person, we can blame each other who are in different side from
us. What we can do are live happily with other and respect each other. By
learning Philosophy of Science, we are supposed to apply the theories to the
real life. By applying the theories, hopefully we can live together with other.
D.
References
Herujiyanto, A. (2001). The Theory of Katresnanism. Retrieved
from
http://antonherujiyanto.wordpress.com/2007/11/12/theory-of-katresnanism-pious-love/
The
Liang Gie. 1997. Pengantar Filsafat Ilmu.Yogyakarta: LibertY
Titus, H., Smith, M., Nolan, R. (1995). Living Issues in Philosophy.
9th edn. New York: Oxford University Press.